Laser radiation, radiofrequency radiation (including radar and microwaves), as well as infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation are generally classified as non-ionising radiation within the electromagnetic spectrum.
Unlike ionising radiation, non-ionising radiation does not have sufficient energy to ionise matter. However, it can cause thermal effects by increasing the temperature of the exposed material. Depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, this heating can result in burns.
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Ultrasound exposure
Diagnostic ultrasound is widely used in clinical practice, prompting ongoing interest in its safety. It is generally regarded as a safe imaging modality due to its low intensity and the absence of reported adverse effects after more than four decades of use and millions of patient examinations. Although laboratory and human data are limited because of the low exposure levels involved, research on the biological effects of ultrasound continues. To date, there is no evidence of harmful biological effects from diagnostic ultrasound exposure; however, continued investigation of potential bioeffects remains ongoing.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in clinical and academic settings, which has led to ongoing evaluation of its safety. To date, there is no evidence of adverse health effects associated with the magnetic field strengths or radiofrequency (RF) pulses used in MRI. Research into the biological effects of magnetic fields continues. However, MRI poses a significant risk to individuals with pacemakers or metallic implants. All personnel and patients with implants must be carefully screened and monitored before entering the magnet area.